Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Reading reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading reflection - Assignment Example Inner speech however may not be an excellent way of learning since the mind might be distracted. As a result of instances of inner speech, the learner shifts the focus from the subject being shared to him hence the learner may not benefit from the inner speech adequately. In reflection No. 2, it is interesting to find out that it is not every question asked that can engage the students in an active way while in class. It is surprising to note that from research, three questions out of five which are asked in class require students to recall learnt data. In addition, out of five questions, the other is a managerial question and only one requires students to think on high levels in their thought processes (Borich, 2013). The statistics are shocking since they punch holes in the other assertions from the book that the thought process is a critical part of the learning process. During such an instance, the students do not learn effectively from the class lessons offered. However, such knowledge provides a chance for teachers to learn and adopt new ways of asking questions the right way to benefit the students. Therefore, whenever asking questions, the teachers should structure them in a way that generates an answer that has been well thought about. The p ractice will lead to actively engaging the thoughts of the students in such a manner that they benefit in the learning process. The use of the correct word choice, tonal variation and emphasis on specific words captivates the mind of the student keeping the mind alert. The main goal of carrying out a dialogue in class in a self-directed learning is to allow students participate in the learning process so as to enable them to understand complex class work content. A teacher achieves the learning objective when the students show gain of knowledge, skills and even develop a

Monday, October 28, 2019

Affects of Westernization on Youth and Culture Essay Example for Free

Affects of Westernization on Youth and Culture Essay Youth are the back bone to a nation. The young generation occupies a special place in a society. They can change the future of the society with their spirited behavior. In a broader sense, the future of any society depends on the youth. The youth are ready to adapt changes because they are young, in search of truth and they are open to different ideas. Young people have better concentrating span contrary to old ones and that is how changes are brought in a society. All societies pay special attention to the youth. The youth acts as the motivating force of revolution. No revolution can be successful without the efforts of youth in a course of action. Their youthful energy enables them to perform great in every field and enables them to be innovative and skillful. Culture is the complete range of learned human behavior patterns. It includes a set of Customs, beliefs, and traditions. Culture is also shaped by Religion, language, festivals, dress, arts and craft. Culture is passed down from generation to generation. Youth of a society preserves its culture. All Cultures are naturally prone to change and, at the same time, to resist change. There are three general sources of influence that are responsible for both change and resistance to it: Forces at work within a society, Contact between societies and Changes in the natural environment. Within a society, processes leading to change include invention and culture loss. Inventions may be either technological or ideological. Technological inventions include new tools, energy sources, and transportation methods. Culture loss is an unavoidable result of old cultural patterns being replaced by new ones. For example, not many Pakistanis today know how to care for a horse. A century ago, this was common knowledge among many people because buggies and horse-riding were the only means of transportation. Since then, vehicles with internal combustion engines have replaced horses and horse care knowledge lost its importance. As a result, children are rarely taught these skills. Instead, they are trained in the use of the new technologies of automobiles, televisions, cellular phones, computers, and iPods. The processes leading to change that occur as a result of contact between societies are diffusion, acculturation and transculturation. Diffusion is the movement of things and ideas from one culture to another. When diffusion occurs, the form of a trait may move from one society to another but not its original cultural meaning. Acculturation is what happens to an entire culture when unfamiliar traits diffuse in on a large scale and significantly replace traditional cultural patterns. Transculturation is what happens to an individual when he or she moves to another society and adopts its culture. The word westernization is defined as â€Å"The social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization†. The youth of Pakistan is talented and dedicated. Unfortunately, the youth today is involved in activities which are neither useful to them nor the nation. All that keeps them busy during the day are games, TV shows, movies and socializing with their peers which these days, is commonly called â€Å"hanging out†. At night, they’re busy chatting on the internet, listening to music, attending late night parties and some are even involved in illegal activities like smoking and drinking. They have no vision and instead of improving themselves or doing something productive, they choose to waste their time. All this is because of westernization of youth in Pakistan. Over the past decade, the youth of Pakistan has been adversely affected by western culture. A significant change has been observed in the culture of Pakistan. Many regional rituals have either been forgotten or replaced by western rituals; young people prefer western attire over national dress, fast food is preferred over regional food, family values are not practiced the way they used to, dating has become very common and violent behavior has become a trend among youngsters. In such a situation, culture cannot be passed on in its original form; it would rather be modified or to be more specific, westernized.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Responsible Executive Compensation for a New Era of Accountability Essa

Compensation and the Chief Executive Officer Executive compensation has come under increasing scrutiny in recent literature in the wake of the growing publicity surrounding managerial failures and executive self-interest. Financial experts have long been examining the problem of aligning the performance of executives with their salaries and benefits. Public discontent with the visible top-heaviness of the compensation structure has brought this issue into the spotlight throughout the business world. Experts point to the flaws of traditional payment schemes and offer a number of different solutions. Shareholder value and the success of the firm can be significantly affected by executive performance. Hence, understanding the advantages and costs of the current trends in executive compensation is crucial to the compensation committee of a Fortune 500 corporation. The compensation committee has a difficult task upon its shoulders. It must construct pay programs that attract and retain the best talent to address the individual organization’s needs. It must design a strategy that generates superior returns for investors, appropriately measure managerial performance, and institute a pay practice which is fair to both employees and shareholders and which really drives business results (Mercer p.4). There is abundant theory and research on the strategies thought to accomplish these goals, and the emerging trends in executive compensation seem to be highly successful. The growing public criticisms of ultra-high executive pay are not unfounded. According to Mr. Meizhu Lui, â€Å"the ratio of CEO pay as a multiple of average worker pay has grown tremendously, from 41 to 1 in 1960 to 411 to 1... ...an Resource Consulting. (Jan. 26, 2004). â€Å"Responsible Executive Compensation for a New Era of Accountability.† Perspective. Retrieved October 14, 2006, from http://www.mercerHR.com/responsibleEC Mercer Human Resource Consulting. (Aug. 9, 2004.). Tackling the Challenge of Aligning Pay with Performance. Perspective. Retrieved October 14, 2006, from http://www.mercerHR.com/perspective. Parrino, Robert. (2002). Rewrapping the package: Managerial incentives and corporate governance. Texas Business Review, 1(5). Retrieved Sept. 27, 2006, from the Business & Company Resource Center database. Traichal, Patrick A., George W. Gallinger, and Steve A. Johnson. (1999). The relationship between pay-for-performance contracting and external monitoring. Managerial Finance, 68(21). Retrieved Sept. 27, 2006, from the Business & Company Resource Center database.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Locating Macbeth at the Thresholds of Time, Space and Spiritualism Ess

In the preface to Folie et dà ©raison, Michel Foucault unmistakably locates madness at the limen of cultural identity: European man, since the beginning of the Middle Ages has had a relation to something he calls, indiscriminately, Madness, Dementia, Insanity. †¦ [It is] a realm, no doubt, where what is in question is the limits rather than the identity of a culture. (Foucault xi) By describing madness in this way, he demonstrates his understanding of madness as a cultural phenomenon, defined not by the analysis of a subject’s symptoms, but rather the shared assumption that a subject is not ‘right’, does not conform to the prevailing ideological norm. Written in the late twentieth century, his work is a treatise about the wider cultural effects produced by a policy of confinement of the social outsider. Three centuries earlier, William Shakespeare completed and staged what are now considered the greatest and most evil of all his tragedies, the tragedy of Macbeth. Themes of witchcraft, infanticide, suicide and death pervade the fabric of the play, which possibly contributes to the theatrical superstition that surrounds its production to this day. Nevertheless, it seems curious to me the play is seldom discussed as one that focuses on madness, when it deals with two of the most insane and depraved characters in all of Shakespeare. 1 It seems curious to me that Shakespeare’s tragedies so often revolve around common themes of â€Å"Madness, Dementia, Insanity,† and there is much scholarship as to how this discourse of madness should be interpreted1, but less with particular reference to Macbeth. Curiouser still is that Shakespeare’s Renaissance understanding of madness, as demonstrated in his portrayal of this madness is... ...ephen, et al. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2008. Print. Somerville, Henry. Madness in Shakespearian tragedy. London: The Richards Press Ltd., 1929. Print. Styan, J. L. "The Drama: Reason in Madness." Theatre Journal 32 3 (1980): 371-85. Print. ---. Perspectives on Shakespeare in performance. Studies in Shakespeare vol. 11. New York: P. Lang, 1999. Print. Weimann, Robert. Shakespeare and the popular tradition in the theater :studies in the social dimension of dramatic form and function. Ed. Schwartz, Robert. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Print. ii Wheelwright, Philip. "Philosophy of the Threshold." The Sewanee Review 61 1 (1953): 56-75. Print. Wilson Knight, G. The wheel of fire : interpretations of Shakespearian tragedy, with three new essays. University paperbacks, U. P. 12. [4th rev. and enl. ed. London: Methuen, 1965. Print. iii

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Library of Congress

Years ago, Martin Luther King had a dream that all men and women would be equal, all students would be equal. Our laws and progression of civil rights and immigration has changed the United States Public Education System. Racial inequality and color prejudice has damaged the United States; affecting the American education system through legislation meant to help students. The differences in culture background and heritage are being traversed. Borders are supposedly being crossed. Educational theories and classroom practices are taking up new forms in order to conform and meet the educational needs of the global societies.Educators and teachers are being expected to share views and recognize values from different cultures, races, societies and ethnic groups. They are expected to move outside the system and custom of the dominant society and incorporate beliefs other than those they are accustomed with. Our laws and progression of Civil Rights and immigration has changed the United Sta tes public education system. The challenges that face our nation’s children relates to the civil right movements and immigration laws that have guided us to a direction of multicultural education.During the civil rights movement, there were two America’s, a black America and a white America. The school, bathrooms, water fountains, restaurants, bus seats, libraries, movie theaters, hospital floors, and even the line to see Santa Clause were all segregated based on the color of skin. African Americans went to school four months out of the year because they needed to help earn incomes the rest of the months. Their schools had no cafeteria, most with outside bathrooms; and their books were passed down from the white schools so they were all out of date (AARP, LCCR, & Library of Congress, 2004).The school building that contained African American students were falling apart. The classes were overcrowded with too many students, and not enough room for all the needed classes a nd materials. For the most part, these students had teachers that were substitutes who didn’t know what they were doing. The teachers that were in these schools had fixed values for these students and did not provide curriculum that was interesting or pertained to the students who were learning.The assumption of teachers was that these African American students did not deserve â€Å"a great deal in life and that a little, even a very little, (a very little) for a Negro child is a great deal more than he or she has earned† (Kozol, 1990). Complaints were being vocalized with the school districts letting white students ride the bus to attend white schools, and black students had to walk to their school when they lived right next to an â€Å"all white† school (Rafferty, 1965).In 1951, the Supreme Court finally had to face and rule on the subject of Civil Rights. A group called the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), created in 1909 to work towards eliminating segregation and discrimination, came together in a court case Brown versus Board of Education. African Americans had started filing suits against the educational systems as early as 1845, but the Supreme Court combined five cases to hear in 1951.The issues brought before the court was because of school conditions, segregation, deficient curriculum, pupil to teacher ratio, teacher training, extracurricular activity programs offered, transportation deficiencies, and of course teacher salaries (Brown Foundation, 1996). The discriminatory environment derived from civil rights and immigration issues unlocked, and then caused the world to see that human tendencies are to prejudge, discriminate against, and stereotype people based on their ethnic, religious, physical, or cultural characteristics.In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (347 U. S. 483), also called Brown I ruled by Chief Justice Warren, acknowledged learning to be the most significant task of state and local government and â€Å"repudiated the separate but equal doctrine†, deciding that â€Å"racially segregated schools were inherently unequal† (Cambron-McCabe et al. , 2004). The decision had great impact and important to the civil rights movement. The Supreme Court ruled that school had no place for â€Å"separate but equal† status (AARP, LCCR, & Library of Congress, 2004).A year later the Supreme Court decision in Brown II defined how and when school desegregation would be achieved because there was no standard or deadline set in Brown I (Orfield & Eaton, 1996). The legal precedence of this time caused far reaching social and ideological implications that brought about changes in the 1960’s and beyond. On the other hand, the legal wrangling did not make immigration and civil right issues disappear because of the ambiguity of the legal decisions. The 1960’s brought about race riots all over the U.S. , deaths because of race, and more laws that declared discrimination illegal (http://www. cnn. com/EVENTS/1997/mlk/links. html%20). On January 20, 1964, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into the Presidency, after the sudden death of President John F. Kennedy. As America mourned the death of JFK, President Lyndon B. Johnson placed his hand on the Holy Bible that was being held by his wife and took the oath of office. On that particular day, Lyndon B. Johnson launched his new program called â€Å"the Great Society.† The agenda was intended to produce a better quality of life for all Americans (Campbell, 1965). Reporters knew the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson as a â€Å"legislative miracle. † In fact, Dick West of the Dallas Morning News wrote, â€Å"Mr. Truman couldn’t get started on a civil rights bill, because a rebellious congress passed an immigration law over a veto. Jack Kennedy took one whirl at federal aid to education, and then backed off. Then he tried to get Congress to set up a Department of Housing and Urban Development with Cabinet Status and was turned down in the House 264 to 150.† On the other hand, West writes that President Johnson was able to get these laws passed exactly the way he wanted them, thus being named â€Å"The Congressional Magician† (West, 1965 p. 2). President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on July 2, 1964, during a luncheon honoring late President Abraham Lincoln in the East room of the White House. The bill was about discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964).â€Å"The President sat at a small table in the center with racks holding 72 pens, which was an insufficient amount. † He actually used over 100 pens to sign this triumphant bill into law (â€Å"Big Audience†, 1964). Robert F. Kennedy sat in the front row, Martin Luther King sat in the second row, and other senators and cabinet members attended (â₠¬Å"Big Audience†, 1964). President Johnson’s speech was â€Å"swift but had great emphasis as he called on all Americans to close the springs of racial poison and eliminate the last vestiges of injustice in our beloved America† (â€Å"Big Audience†, 1964).The President spoke of the challenge that Lincoln bestowed upon America asking for â€Å"preservation of the union, enlargement of liberties for America and for being true to the Declaration of Independence which gives liberty to all. † The speech was a direct challenge for all Americans to ensure that all people including Black American’s will be a part of a â€Å"complete and equal† society (Negro Due, 1965). In 1968, the Supreme Court decision on Green v. County School Board of New Kent County gave the students the option to transfer from a black to a white school.The ruling states, â€Å"That schools must dismantle segregated dual systems root and branch and that desegregation mu st be achieved with respect to facilities, staff, faculty, extra-curricular activities, and transportation. † Because the Southern United States were fighting against the rulings of the Supreme Court because of their dissatisfaction of desegregation the case Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education in Mississippi ruled that desegregation must be achieved in every district at once (Orfield & Eaton, 1996).Multi-cultural education is a program seeking to revise and reform both schooling and the political and cultural context of formal schooling and studying. It was designed to have a better impact to society by reducing racial tolerance brought about because of immigration and civil right problems that has plagued our nation. Several categories of programs that are designed encompass not only to restructure and reform subjects and curriculums at school but also to generate and increase contact among races.They are designed primarily to bridge the gap among races. However, in stead of harmonious co-existence and peace being attained, the proposed inclusion of cultures to curriculum, poses lots of intriguing questions. The public is uncertain with their thoughts regarding the changing of curriculum. Often times, multi-cultural education has become the topic of numerous debates and disputes, resulting to a further division of the nation. Multicultural education is intended to decrease if not totally abolish race, ethnic and gender divisions.By helping students achieve the necessary skills and by guiding them they are being prepared in facing the challenges they would soon be encountering. Students are trained to equip themselves with the attitudes needed in order to survive in the real world. However, before such programs can be implemented, a thorough understanding of the real issue at hand must first be achieved. Factors such as demography, social class, funding, quality of educators, student’s cultural backgrounds and public interest should be ca refully considered and taken in to account. ReferencesAARP, LCCR, & Library of Congress (2004). Save Our History: Voices of Civil Rights. The History Channel: The Hearst Corporation. Big Audience: Over 200 Guests See Bill Signed (1964, July 3). Dallas Morning News. Section 1 Page 8. Brown Foundation (1996). Brown VS Board of Education: About the Case. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from http://brownvboard. org/summary/. Cambron-McCabe, N. H. , McCarthy, M. M. , & Thomas, S. (2004). Public School Law 5th Edition. Pearson Education Inc: Boston. p. 149 Campbell, M. (1965). President Johnson Chosen 1965 Newsmaker of the Year.Dallas Morning News, December 24: page A12. Kozol, Jonathan (1990). Death at an Early Age. New York: Penguin Group. Negro’s Due Full Rights, Johnson Says. (1965, February 13). Dallas Morning News, Section A Page 1 Orfield, G & Eaton, S. (1996). Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of Brown vs. Board of Education. New York, NY. The New Press. Rafferty, Max (1965). Children Should Be Taught Sweep, Drama of U. S. Past. Dallas Morning News, December 16: Page A29 West, D. (1965). Johnson’s Legislative Miracle. Dallas Morning News, September 26: Section C page 2.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Everything You Need to Know About Writing Awesome Email Subject Lines

Everything You Need to Know About Writing Awesome Email Subject Lines First impressions matter. This is certainly true for email subject lines. Theyre the first thing recipients see in their inbox.  When written well, they inspire readers to open your email  newsletters and click through to read more. If theyre off target, however, they  let your reader know your email is a waste of time and space. No pressure, though. To make matters worse, we all get too many emails. Whether theyre from a store you dont remember visiting,  or your parents are wondering why you dont write more often (you should really drop them a line), the pursuit of inbox zero is a fabled achievement for knowledge workers (including marketers). So, how do you write subject lines that make your emails stand out? Thats exactly what well cover in this post. Youll learn: The emotional elements of subject lines that drive clicks. Best practices on how to write subject lines. The best way to run A/B tests so you can gather your own data about what works best for you. Make yourself comfortable.  Were going to  write sharp subject lines that demand the attention your email deserves. This Is How To Write Better Email Subject Lines To Get More OpensSnag Your Email Subject Line Template + Resource Bundle This post is packed full of advice. To make it easier to implement while youre on the job, weve rounded up these free templates: Email Subject Lines Template: 43 fill-in-the-blank templates to practice sharpening your subject line writing skills. 500+ Power Words Cheat Sheet: We made this with headlines in mind, but the same words work to infuse emotion into subject lines, too. Power + Emotion Words Cheat Sheet: Another reference sheet loaded with emotional words to drive more engagement. Email Subject Line A/B Test Spreadsheet: A simple Excel file for storing the outcomes of your email subject line A/B tests. ... And Try Our New Email Subject Line Tester You get one chance to write the perfect subject line for your email. Of course, there's no way to be sure how it'll perform until you hit "send." But, wouldn't be great if you could tilt the odds in your favor? That's where our Email Subject Line Tester comes in. Like our popular Headline Analyzer, it's a free and simple tool for testing email subject lines. Enter your subject line: And get your score: Plus, you'll get a detailed breakdown on how to improve your results: Give it a spin now and start optimizing every subject line you write (before sending it to your list). Why Are Subject Lines Important? Like we stated previously, your subject line is the first thing recipients see. In that crucial make-or-break moment when users find your email in their inbox, it's what determines whether they'll click through, or simply ignore your message. Worse, they might even put your newsletter in the trash without even opening it up. Let's start by asking exactly why paying attention to subject lines is important.  Here are some interesting  stats: Source: convinceandconvert.com/convince-convert/15-email-statistics-that-are-shaping-the-future/ When it comes to subject lines, these numbers tell us a few things: Subject lines shouldn't sound overly sales-driven. No one wants to start their day with a blunt sales pitch. Stay out of SPAM folders by sounding natural. Avoid spammy-sounding subject lines. People will learn to avoid your emails, even if you make it into their inbox. Subject lines have a considerable influence on click-through rates. Sure, 35% isn't an astronomical number. However, it's high enough to show subject lines carry weight. Ignore them at your own peril. Writing #email #subject #lines? Commit these three stats to memory.Can You Show Me Some Examples of Great Email Subject Lines? Now, you're probably wondering what good email subject lines look and sound like. There are a ton of great examples and resources out there, and we've rounded up some of the best below: 101 Best Email Subject Lines of 2017 (Digital Marketer) 164 Best Email Subject Lines to Boost Your Email Open Rates (OptinMonster) 13 Insanely Clickable Email Subject Line Examples (Sumo) 40 Great Email Subject Lines (ThriveHive) That should be plenty to point you in the right direction. Three Mechanics of Strong Subject Lines So, you've seen some examples of good subject lines. But, what actually makes them, well, good? Let's break down some mechanics. Write Short Subject Lines For Mobile Devices According to MailChimp, there is little correlation between subject line length and clicks. However, keeping them short may help their appearance on mobile devices. Communicate a Clear Benefit No one will open your marketing email if there is no benefit to the reader. So, make it clear that your recipient will gain something from opening it. In most cases, the benefit of your email will be clear.   Here are some examples: Move snow faster with this plow (benefit: clearing your driveway quicker). Cut grass like a champ (benefit: make lawn mowing easier). Improve your living room for 40% less (benefit: upgrade your furniture, saving money). These are basic examples, but they give you the picture. Use Words That Positively Impact Open Rates The best subject lines use terms shown to drive action. Here's a quick look at 100+ words you should consider: How Do Emotional Appeals Impact Email Open Rates? Subject lines are a lot like headlines. The more emotional, the better. People want to know how their life will be better, easier, or more enjoyable because they read your email. Those kinds of benefits aren't necessarily easy to convey. However, they're essential for optimal open rates. So, how can you pull those emotional levers to get more opens? Start by understanding which emotions you want to invoke, and learn the language necessary to drive that action. Recommended Reading: How to Write Emotional Headlines That Get More Shares Which Emotions Can Email Marketers Tap Into? So, we've established the need to give your emails some feeling. But, which emotions or sensations should marketers focus on eliciting? Let's focus on the following four: Urgency. Why should I act fast (and what will happen if I don't)? Curiosity. How can you  include enough detail to get readers interested, but leave enough mystery that they have to click through? Excitement. Can your subject line hype up your email content (and can your newsletter can back it up)? Joy. What can your subject line do to promote a positive emotional result for your reader? How to Write Subject Lines That Inspire Urgency Let's take a look at some easy subject line formulas and templates you can use to get readers moving. Give Your Reader a Deadline to Act Deadlines and "limited time" messaging can inspire immediate action. Example: Successful marketers will open this ... before time runs out. Tap into FOMO (The Fear of Missing Out) The "fear of missing out" is real, and no one wants to miss out on something good. Example: Limited spots available! Claim yours now. Imply Negative Outcomes Due to Lack of Action What happens if the recipient doesn't take advantage of what's in your email? Example: Don't let your lawn suffer under the summer sun. How to Write Subject Lines That Inspire Curiosity Everyone enjoys a little bit of mystery from time to time, right? Here's how to infuse some suspense into your emails to get more opens. Try the Cliffhanger Approach Leave out enough detail to stoke interest without telling the whole story. Example: Bob's  lawn got greener than ever using ... Start With the End Offer readers a conclusion that leaves them wondering how the story starts. Example: How did Bob's lawn get so green? Use an Open-Ended Question One that can only be answered by opening your email. Example:  What's new at Bob's Lawn Care Emporium? How to Write Subject Lines That Inspire Excitement Get readers excited to open their email (or, well, as excited as you can get while reading email). Here's how to infuse some hype into your subject lines. Incorporate Strong Action Verbs Use language that encourages people to get up and do something. Example: Blast your abs for less at Dave's Gym Give Your Reader a Sense of Exclusivity Email subscribers love feeling like they have the inside track on exclusive deals and information. Example:  Can you keep a secret? Here's some cool news coming soon ... Make an Offer People Can't Refuse Use an accurate but hard-to-believe statistic or incredible offer to generate excitement. Example: Did you know 73% of clients see improvement using this tactic?   How to Write Subject Lines That Inspire Joy You know the saying, "People won't remember what you say, but they'll remember how you made them feel?" That absolutely applies to marketing, your brand, and your email subject lines. Make people feel good and reap the rewards. Use Emojis Intelligently A well-placed emoji can be great for getting a chuckle. Example: Look your best and feel your best :) (this isn't the best example, but pretend that smiley face is a much cooler-looking emoji) Work In Humor (Carefully) Laughter is good for your health. Put people in a good mood, and they'll react more positively to your content. Example: So three marketers walk into a bar ... Give People an Opportunity to Do Good Because it feels good to do good. Example: Make a difference with us for our local animal shelter Apply Your Knowledge: Write Better Subject Lines in Six Steps It's time to take what you've learned  and put it into action. Follow these steps to start writing. Identify the Topic and Purpose of Your Email What is your email newsletter about? Here are some common possibilities: Promoting a sale. Sharing your most recent content. Announcing a new product launch. Offering helpful how-to tips. Getting event registrants. If your email is part of a broader campaign, make sure your messaging is consistent, too. Know Your Audience If you're doing marketing correctly, you should know who your audience is. But, your audience may be comprised of several different market segments. So, make sure you know exactly who you're targeting. Then, craft messaging that will appeal to them. Identify Your Benefit or Value Proposition Why would someone open this email? Think about what's in it for your reader, as much as what's in it for your brand. Some examples could include: Saving money. Completing a task more easily. Doing something charitable. Narrow it down to one core benefit. Pick Your Emotional Appeal Remember Urgency, Curiosity, Excitement, and Joy? Choose one to focus on. Or, consider writing several options targeting different emotional appeals. Whichever you choose, have clear intent behind your words. Match the Message in Your Email Copy Message-match means making sure your subject line aligns with your email's content. Typically, it's a term reserved for digital advertising, ensuring ad copy aligns with a landing page. But, we can apply the same principle here. For example, if you're promoting a sale, make sure your subject line and body copy are consistent with one another. If you're promoting a piece of content, make sure your subject line's message matches what they'll find on the destination page. Write Several Options With the Email Subject Line Tester It's a good idea to try tons of different options before settling on one subject line. If you're writing for a client, you might even give them five or six to choose from. As you write different options, the tester will keep track of your scores: Plus, the tool will help you learn what works (and what doesn't). It's an easy way to Ten Templates to Write Your Own Email Subject Lines As an exercise, try filling in these templates. Then, use the Email Subject Line Tester to see how your efforts perform. The best [AUDIENCE] are using this [TACTIC] to [BENEFIT] Do [ACTION] [PERCENT] better Save [PERCENT] on [PRODUCT] before [NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCE] [NUMBER] Ways to [BENEFIT] Using [PRODUCT] Achieve [GOAL] [PERCENT] Faster With [PRODUCT] Help [ORGANIZATION] do [BENEFIT] before [DEADLINE] The smartest [AUDIENCE] will be at [EVENT] ... Register for [EVENT] by [DEADLINE] and save [PERCENT] Here's how [INFLUENCER] does [ACTION] with [PRODUCT] [NUMBER] secrets the best [AUDIENCE] use to [BENEFIT] These writing prompts are simple, but should help get your creative gears turning. Get More Opens By A/B Testing Email Subject Lines Nearly every email service provider lets you send A/B tests for your email subject lines. Whether you use MailChimp,  Campaign Monitor, or something similar, most provide A/B testing options when building email newsletters. This video is specific to MailChimp, but it covers a lot  of A/B testing basics that should apply to most platforms: However, what  makes a good A/B test? Let's dig into some tips. 5 Effective Tactics for Email  A/B Testing The key to a good A/B test is to choose variables that really are different from one another.  If you test two subject lines that sound too similar, you won't learn much. There needs to be a substantial difference between your two options. Consider these five different approaches when you run your next A/B test: 1. Test Two Different Value Propositions Let's say your email content is promoting a post that both: Shows readers how to save time. Shows them how to save money. These are two different value propositions. So, write two options, one focusing on each benefit. Then, see which performs best. The data will tell you which benefit your audience cares about most. That'll help you continue to write more effective subject lines in the future. The key to a good A/B test is to have options that are different from one another.2. Target  Two Different Emotions Your audience might respond better to curiosity than urgency. Or, maybe they're looking for something that will brighten their day. So, find out. Try  targeting different emotions and see what drives a better response. 3. Test Subject Line Length You might find different subject line lengths work best for you. Or, different lengths may work better for different types of messages. Consider experimenting with short  (one or two words)  versus long (seven or eight words). 4. Test Questions Versus Definitive Statements Questions can help get readers curious. However, definitive statements can express authority. Try both and see what happens. 5. Test Using Stats Statistics can drive email opens, especially when they're difficult to believe. If your email content includes an interesting stat, try incorporating one into subject line A. Then, write subject line B without a stat. Recommended Reading: What 10 Studies Say About the Best Time to Send Email Now, An Exercise In A/B Testing Now, let's try applying what you've learned to an actual A/B test. Write Your Email Content Start by writing your email copy. This will make it easier to write your subject lines. Identify Which Two Variables You'll Test Write two different subject line options. Try to emphasize something different in each one. For example, you could target two different emotions, in order to sell people on reading the same newsletter. Or, you could include an emoji or statistic in one, but not the other. Whichever you choose, the point is to know exactly what you're testing. See Which Does Best Once your email has sent, you'll see relatively quickly which outperformed the other. Use the Email A/B Subject Line Testing template we included in this post to track performance over time: Here are some specific things to monitor: Winning and Losing Subject Lines: Which options perform best? Do certain types appear to fail more frequently than others? Open Rates: How many people opened each email? CTR (Click-Through Rate): How many people click through on each subject line? You'll need to set up and measure A/B tests in your email marketing platform provider. Here's how, using several popular email marketing tools: MailChimp Campaign Monitor HubSpot Pardot Constant Contact Emma Measure Your Results Use the analytics tools built into your email platform to monitor open rates. Use the template included in this post, or create your own following the graphic below. Use it to  track your winner and loser from the test, the difference in the results, and scrutinize the reason why your winner performed the best. This may require some subjective judgment. When  assessing the reason one subject line outperformed the other, keep the following in mind: If you set up clear variables in your A/B test, the reason subject lines succeed or fail should be obvious. For example, if one option includes a statistic, while the other does not, then that's a good indicator that stats resonate with your audience. Look for  patterns. The more you test, the more consistent patterns should  emerge. The days and times you send email can impact results as well. Remember that the actual content of your email may influence open rates (and in turn, your email conversion rates, too. If people aren't interested in the topic of your email, then simply following best practices might not be enough to drive opens and clicks. Great content will get attention. Following proper mechanics and technique merely maximizes great content's ability to make an impact. When it comes to email marketing, your own data beats best practices. The recipients on your email list are  different from anyone else's. What works for another business, might not work for yours. This is why it's better to know how to gather your own data than to simply follow someone else's. Don't use other's data as your guide. Use it to inspire you to get your own data.Now, Go Write Better Subject Lines! It's easy to overlook subject lines when we're writing marketing emails. They're short, so they should be easy, right? Not exactly. It's often tougher to write short, punchy messages than long, rambling pieces. When you only have about 50 characters to work with, every word counts. We can't tell you exactly what messaging will work best in your email.  However, you're now equipped with the knowledge you need to start experimenting with your own subject lines. By following the tips and best practices in this post, you'll be able to dramatically increase your odds of success. Try different things. See what works. Ditch what doesn't. Repeat for success.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Hochschilds King Leopolds Ghost

Hochschilds King Leopolds Ghost Introduction The book narrates the happenings of Congo in the 1890s during the reign of King Leopold II. He II was the ruler of the Congo Free State and during his time, more than half of the total population died because of the injustices caused by his government. The book provides a vivid account of what took place in the 23 years of Leopold’s reign. It informs the reader of the various crimes perpetuated by Leopold by referring to the African and European histories of the same period (Hochschild).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Hochschild’s King Leopold’s Ghost specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Book Review King Leopold II managed to put Congo under the colonial empire of Belgium through a process that was full of mischief and sleaze. Throughout the book, we see Leopold’s action depicting his thoughts of entitlement to the fate of the people, such that he treats them like his perso nal possessions, sometimes valueless. Although Congo was a colony of Belgium, King Leopold II acted with impunity concerning the resources of the state. He forced many Africans, in Congo, to work as slaves as he amassed resources from the colony, for personal gains. These included minerals and rubber. Other than vilifying the protagonist, the book also depicts Leopold as very smart. To cover his ill doings, he pretended to be the ally of one European power and used that as a defense against his accusers, who were other European countries. After sometime, he would change allies and play them against each other again. Back in the colony, Leopold used fear to put his subjects in line. For example, he allowed the cutting of hands, from people who disobeyed his rules, to serve as an example to the rest of his subjects. Within the book, the reader learns of a few individuals, who held various interests against King Leopold II. There is Edmund Dere Morel who told the world about the wrong things, done by Leopold. A black journalist named George Washington Williams decided to write an open letter to the king to express his disagreement with the type of leadership and the crimes against humanity perpetuated by the king’s government. Others like Casement did not confront Leopold directly but decided to inform his home country of the crimes, by sending numerous letters. While on one hand the resistance was informing the rest of the world of Leopold’s crimes, the king worked towards concealing his atrocities from everyone by exactly making the state records turn to ash. In his final remark of release, Leopold said that he was not intimidated with the act of handing over the colony; however, he clarified that none of his actions would get into history books. To provide a vivid account of the atrocities of Leopold, the writer relies on other witnesses who published various materials, which give, details of most of the events portrayed in the book.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author only gives a single version of the whole story, emphasizing on the depiction of the need for righteous actions by focusing on Leopold. The book starts with a commerce scene that, except for the manner of trade, would pass as an otherwise ethical business. Here, the reader learns of slave labor, which sets pace for the other atrocities exposed by Hochshchild (Hochschild 1-11). Within the introduction, the author’s imagination creates the preliminary understanding of the colony and its dealings in the reader’s mind. It resonates with the actions and intentions of the few individuals like Morel who receive the illustration of being resistant to the rule of Leopold (Hochschild). In part one, the author gives a contextual history of the relation between European countries and Africa. There are missionaries and explorers moving from northern parts of Africa into the hinterland and setting up colonies. Here, the various traditions and organizations of Africans appear as observed by the various settlers from Europe mentioned in the book. Likewise, Africans also show their opposite observations of Europeans. At this stage, it appears that Africa is learning the ways of the new settlers, while the settlers figure out their newly found land and its people (Hochschild 1-56). In subsequent chapters of the book, the author gives the first person’s narration of events using protagonists and combines their account with reviews from additional sources such as published works of other authors. Hochschild concentrates more on showing how eventually, the efforts of those opposing Leopold succeed (Hochschild 211-240). The reader receives a thorough account of Morel, his business and his way of persuading various people and institutions concerned with the affairs of Congo. Thus although the book is about Le opold, readers learn his story through the works of protestors to his rule who worked tirelessly in ensuring that information left the Congo to find ears across the world, especially Europe. The information traveled in various literary forms such as letters, poems, stories, witness account, sermons and conversations. Conclusion Finally, Hochschild uses external references, such as the Royal Museum of Central Africa, to show evidence of the various forms of European influences that took place in Congo during the period of study. He shows the irony of Europeans fighting off the slavery of other nations while encouraging slaves in Central Africa (Hochschild 292–293). The book succeeds is giving the reader a correct picture of Congo during the rule of Kind Leopold II.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Hochschild’s King Leopold’s Ghost specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hochschild, Adam. King Leop old’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Using the Common French Expression Casser Les Pieds

Using the Common French Expression 'Casser Les Pieds' The French expression casser les pieds quelquun is a weird one, a true idiom that doesnt directly translate. Phrased correctly, it means to annoy someone. This expression has evolved from casser la cervelle to casser les oreilles to casser les pieds, with the meaning of casser being more to crush than to break. It is a very commonly-used expression in French. Il me casse les pieds avec ses problà ¨mes He really annoys/bores me with his problems. The idea behind casser les pieds is more annoyance than boredom. But its used with both meanings. Note that the construction requires an indirect object pronoun. This means the expression is used with words such as me, te, lui, nous, vous, and leur. Idioms are tricky in every language. In French, its not usual to say break a leg to wish good luck to someone, for example. Casser les Pieds This is an odd-looking idiom. If you say casser les pieds quelquun, it means to annoy/bore someone. If you say casser les pieds DE quelquun its physical, and it means you broke someones feet. On jouait au foot...Pierre a tirà © dans le ballon en mà ªme temps que moi. Il ma donnà © un grand coup de pied et il ma cassà © le pied. We were playing soccer...Peter shot the ball at the same time as I did. He kicked me hard and broke my foot. Pierre a passà © la soirà ©e me raconter ses problà ¨mes de coeur, et quand je lui ai dit darrà ªter, il est allà © casser les pieds quelquun dautre. Pierre spent the evening telling me his love problems, and when I told him to stop, he went on to annoy someone else. Synonyms There are a number of synonyms for this phase, including some very common vulgar options that appear in everyday French language and pop culture. Boredom Sennuyer (very common) Sennuyer comme un rat mort, or like a dead rat, which means to be very bored. (Common expression) Se faire chier (very common vulgar slang) Annoyance Ennuyer, agacer, exaspà ©rer, importuner (quite formal) quelquun. Casser les oreilles quelquun meeans literally to break someones ears, but this expression is mostly used when someone talks too much. Faire chier quelquun (very common vulgar slang)

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Social Responsibility and the Community Research Paper

Social Responsibility and the Community - Research Paper Example Notably, corporate social responsibility promotes the reputation of the company and creates a competitive advantage. In the modern world, organizations are under pressure to practice corporate social responsibility while still making profits. Indeed, it has become an expectation for all organizations to be ethically and socially responsible for the benefit of the organization and the society (ISO, 2010). This paper will research and write an analysis of Starbucks social actions in the community. Analysis Starbucks Coffee Company is the leading coffee retailer, roaster, and brand of specialty coffee in the world. Starbucks originated from Seattle, USA, but today it operates in over 60 countries with more than 18,000 stores. Starbucks specializes in premium and sell salads, books, gifts, warm and cold beverages, and other accessories. Due to its wide market network, high quality of its products, and the wide range of products, Starbucks commands a significant market presence where it h as the largest customer base in the coffee other blend- drinks industry. As a result, it interacts with many societies and therefore influences their lives. Therefore, there is need for a corporate social responsibility strategy to guide the operations of Starbucks Coffee Company all over the world. ... Indeed, it is clear from the organization’s website that Starbucks adopted various corporate social responsibility strategies with a view of achieving its mission statement. Specifically, the corporate social responsibility strategies adopted by Starbucks includes the 2000 partnership with Conservation International aimed at creating ethical coffee-sourcing guidelines (Bruhn-Hansen, 2012) and the formulation of the Starbucks Foundation. Moreover, Starbucks seeks to be accountable to all Starbucks stakeholders and making social investments in origin countries as well as minimizing their environmental impact. Additionally, the organization participates in the Global Month of Service. There are various pros and cons to the application of the respective corporate social responsibility strategies adopted by Starbucks Coffee Company. For example, the 2000 partnership with Conservation International aimed at creating ethical coffee-sourcing guidelines derives notable pros and cons. I n this strategy, Starbucks boosts the lives of farmers by purchasing at outright prices, signing long-term contracts, and buying directly from farms and cooperatives (Starbucks Corporation, 2013). This equally ensures sustainable supply of high-quality coffee to the organization. Moreover, through the Ecologic Enterprise Ventures and the CI Foundation, Starbucks avails credit facilities to farmers (Starbucks, 2001). Nevertheless, an outright price and long-term contracts hinders the farmer from enjoying better prices from other companies in the near future. More so, there is a risk to the repayment of the loans given to the farmers. On the other hand, the partnership allows Starbucks to give financial incentives and rewards to coffee suppliers who conserve the environmental and demonstrate

Friday, October 18, 2019

A Comparison of Some Methods of Cluster Analysis with SPSS Dissertation

A Comparison of Some Methods of Cluster Analysis with SPSS - Dissertation Example duction to Classification and Clustering Statistical analysis is the process by which those conducting research and analysing data, can determine who or what within a dataset, fit certain patterns and trends. There is always a dependent or prominent variable which is affected by independent variables under different analytical circumstances and then there is clustering a group of people, for example, who may have similar buying propensities or who respond the same way to a certain dosage in a medical treatment (Norusis 361). As Burns and Burns describe it, cluster analysis classifies ‘a mountain of information into manageable meaningful piles’ (552). Clustering into groups helps in identifying and classifying particular categories into a membership, from which a classification rule is determined. In a simple description of cluster analysis, it is a generic name for mathematical operations which determine what classified objects fit closely in a group (Romesburg 2). Analy sis conducted on a batch of rocks as the main group, will show through analysis that some are classified as simple round pebbles, others are quartz, rough diamonds (hopefully) or fool’s gold (typical luck). Characteristics of the rocks then reclassify into smaller clustered groups, depending on the goal of the research (2). Linkage between the variables, the cases and the clusters are a main proponent of cluster analysis (Burns and Burns 1). Classification analysis is used more often in regular research analysis than people realize and there are several ways of approaching classifications, as reviewed in the next section. Information and marketing research has found ways to conduct all types of cluster sampling, for example, in order to learn more about what is happening in their market with consumers, their purchasing habits, and where these are occurring. One popular form of research is through area sampling, where clusters are done by geographic designations such as north, northwest, south, southwest, and so on, or by metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), such as cities, streets, and regional divisions (Hair, Bush, and Ortinau 352). Whatever the sampling is, cluster sample provides that sampling clustered units are divided into exclusive groupings where each cluster is considered a representative of mutually similar components (Zikmund 708). A more common term used in the marketing research field is segmentation when referring to a population group of customers and this can also be cluster sampled by customers in different cities to find out which cities are alike in consumer purchasing (Churchill and Iacobucci 820). In psychology, clustering is a process of putting together groups of people, based on their responses to variables, rather than grouping those variables, such as found in factor analysis (Field 1). From that point, Euclidean distance determines the geometric distance between two objects, also known as cases. In the cases where there are some negative and some positive differences, the distances are squared, therefore providing a positive distance. This is because a negative distance, squared, becomes a positive. A positive distance, squared, remains a positive distance. At the end of squaring all the distances, then they are all summed up and then the square

Careers in Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Careers in Psychology - Essay Example With the increase in military men being sent to Iraq and Afghanistan, there will be an increase in demand for psychologists who need to assist them and their families. I think that this is the right career path for me since opportunity to travel around the world also exist since I can work in different VA nursing homes or be a member of teams assigned to take services to veterans who cannot go to hospitals. My view regarding the career options that I may take widened after reading DeAngelis’ article. I realized that I can even work with the Department of Homeland Security because they need psychologists to help them study the impact of terrorism on both the individual and the society. The article â€Å"Giving Each Other A Lift† by Packard, widened my view regarding my career. I realized that I can be of help to other psychologists and the other way around. I should not only be concerned with the development of my own career but rather I should try to reach out to other psychologists because it will benefit me too. Conferences and workshops are an ideal place to meet fellow psychologists who may be able to assist me in the areas of marketing and finances as well as possible career practice diversification.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Holding up General Motors Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Holding up General Motors - Literature review Example According to the study findings  the term transactional cost is essential in the effective development of a theoretical framework, upon which is based the prediction of specific economic tasks, as performed by firm-entities. This is in addition to when such economic tasks would also be performed within the prevailing market arena. Critically, this term was essential during his discussion of the ‘costs of utilizing the price mechanism’ in his paper – The Nature of the Firm. He further developed this concept in his later seminal work – The Problem of Social Cost  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ upon which the term referred to the ‘accrued costs of prevailing market transactions.This paper highlights that  Oliver E. Williamson was to greatly popularise the term, through his work – Transaction Cost Economics – that has fundamentally aided in the explanation of a variety of organizational behaviours in the contemporary era. This is founded on the notion of no t only regarding ‘transactions’ as pertaining to ‘buying and selling’, but also other pertinent interactions i.e. informal gift exchanges and daily emotional transactions etc. Further contribution is by Steven Cheung who conceivably regards transaction costs as pertaining to any cost expenditures, which arise because of the existence of organizational-entities or institutions.  Williamson differentiates in his work – The Mechanisms of Governance (1996) –the aspect of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) from the then dominant ‘neoclassic micro-economics.

Late Antiquity, Catacomes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Late Antiquity, Catacomes - Research Paper Example In each type of religion, it is prevalent that people pay much attention to the catacombs of their own religion. Some historians have paid in depth attention to the reason behind the invasion and creation of this type of religious art. Their judgments show the emergence of this concept to have erupted as a way set out by the religious communities to practice their religion more easily. For instance, Christianity was considered as an illegal religion during the 2nd and 3rd century (Ricciardi 991). Hence, to practice their rituals, they formed a special place to perform underground burials; according to their tradition. Later, when their religion received legal status during 313 AD, their burial processions henceforth moved from the catacombs into the public sphere. Since catacombs were a new and a very different concept from the naturally existing burial processes of the present age, many historians and archeologists have shown high levels interest in their background and antiquity. J org Scheid, one of the archeologists from the United States has put a major work in this field. Scheid aimed examining the condition of the dead bodies that were centuries earlier buried underground (Yeomans 59). His aim, however, could not be very successfully carried forward, since his digging was greatly hampered due to the fact that many of the possible signs and indications, that could have otherwise have been helpful to assess the bodies and utilize catacombs for ancient study, were destroyed in past fires, flooding, earth quakes or other natural disasters (Delgado 321). Yet, he could gain his major findings and base his observations mainly on the remains of the cloths that were used for covering the dead bodies. Some archeologists evenly studied and tried to observe the conditions and reasons behind the damage of the dead bodies and their destroyed shapes. They figured out that the dead bodies in the catacombs under the Capuchin Monastery zone were kept under a temperature of 25 degree Celsius; along with an intensely humid environment that ranged almost above 80 percent over the normal rate. This temperature management was proven to be totally unsuitable and not ideal for maintaining or preserving dead bodies; which was the major reason of making catacombs. The people of past centuries believed to maintain the dead bodies of their religious heroes to be seen and idealized by the coming generations. But the storage conditions proved ineffective for the sustainability and long lasting maintenance of the catacomb’s dead bodies. Yet, the archeologists have reported that certain dead bodies are better preserved than the others. They claim them to have superior in the religious practices of their age, and hence, were treated by the than people with respect after death and they were kept and preserved with more care. These supposed catacomb heroes are mostly found with large amount of tissues still existing within their bodies; still un-decomposed. Oth er than the heroic traits or religious superiority that was assumed by the archeologists to have been the major reason

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Holding up General Motors Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Holding up General Motors - Literature review Example According to the study findings  the term transactional cost is essential in the effective development of a theoretical framework, upon which is based the prediction of specific economic tasks, as performed by firm-entities. This is in addition to when such economic tasks would also be performed within the prevailing market arena. Critically, this term was essential during his discussion of the ‘costs of utilizing the price mechanism’ in his paper – The Nature of the Firm. He further developed this concept in his later seminal work – The Problem of Social Cost  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ upon which the term referred to the ‘accrued costs of prevailing market transactions.This paper highlights that  Oliver E. Williamson was to greatly popularise the term, through his work – Transaction Cost Economics – that has fundamentally aided in the explanation of a variety of organizational behaviours in the contemporary era. This is founded on the notion of no t only regarding ‘transactions’ as pertaining to ‘buying and selling’, but also other pertinent interactions i.e. informal gift exchanges and daily emotional transactions etc. Further contribution is by Steven Cheung who conceivably regards transaction costs as pertaining to any cost expenditures, which arise because of the existence of organizational-entities or institutions.  Williamson differentiates in his work – The Mechanisms of Governance (1996) –the aspect of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) from the then dominant ‘neoclassic micro-economics.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

The Universal Law Formulation Of The Categorical Imperative Essay

The Universal Law Formulation Of The Categorical Imperative - Essay Example â€Å"Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end†.This formulation deals with the free will of all persons, which arises from rational action. Thus, if a person’s free will is not rational, then there is no freedom, as freedom is not entirely autonomous. A person’s actions affect others who are around him, and if a person’s free will interferes with the freedom of another person, then that action is not morally acceptable. A master may have a right to his slave. He has the right to own the services of his slave, but if the slave owner feels that he also owns the slave and that the slave is his own property, then he has devalued the slave to a means to an end and not an end in itself. This is morally wrong as it devalues humanity of the other person, in this case, the slave. A person has primarily the perfect duty to preserve hu manity by using it in a manner that is a not a means to an end to themselves or to others. Then, with the imperfect duty, one should always strive to improve their humanity or other’s humanity for the good of all and as long as it does not inhibit the perfect duty.Third, Kant suggests that all rational beings must act as legislative members through their maxim, in the universal kingdom of ends. This formulation when broken down means that a person should treat himself and others both as a means and an end, but mostly as an end in itself.

Make and Receive Telephone Calls Essay Example for Free

Make and Receive Telephone Calls Essay This unit is about making and receiving telephone calls and transferring calls, when necessary, in a business environment. 1-Understand how to make telephone calls. 1.1Describe the different features of telephone systems and how to use them. Telephone systems have many different features this allows us to handle and manage calls in a professional manner. †¢Call holding- places a caller on hold so you can perform another task. This could be to locate paperwork, find client/customer details, retrieve information from another member of staff or contact another colleague to divert the call along to. †¢Call waiting- lets you know when there is a caller waiting on another line and wishes to speak to you. This is shown by a flashing light, beeping tone or both. †¢Re-directing- are available on telephone systems were you may be required to forward a call to another colleague. Usually the features for re-directing state ‘redirect’ or ‘transfer’. †¢Answer phone- records messages of callers when no one is available to take the call. †¢Teleconferencing- enables more than the ‘caller’ and ‘receiver’ to be involved in a single phone call. There are now often enhanced with the use of a camera and computer. †¢Text messaging- features enable you to send and receive text style messages, alike a mobile phone. 1.2Give reasons for identifying the purpose of a call before making it. Knowing the purpose of a call before making the call is important as the call will sound professional, be concise and you will obtain all the information you require, it may also be useful to have questions you need answering written down and to have any relevant information to hand. By doing this it means the call obtained all the information needed so there shouldn’t be any need for another call to re-ask questions you should have asked in the original phone call. 1.3Describe different ways of obtaining the names and numbers of people that need to be contacted. †¢if a company name is known try searching for number on their website, try calling the company directly to see if anyone can help with your search. †¢If name is known search online phone book or type straight into a search engine such as Google. †¢Enquire within the company to see if anyone has dealt with the person before or if they may know of someone who can help. †¢Social networks such as Facebook, Twitter or Myspace as most people have an account personally or of their business to advertise them. †¢NB- whenever contacting people always clearly state who you are and why you are contacting them. 1.4Describe how to use a telephone system to make contact with people inside and outside an organisation. Inside call- if you know the internal extension number for the person you are trying to contact simply pick up the phone and dial number, if not try calling the department where the person is situated and your call will be transferred. On the possibility you have only been given a name to contact try calling a main reception desk or human resources and see if they can help you locate the person. Outside call- most company phones are set up internally so you have to begin with the phone call with a connection number. Here at UK Waterproofing Solutions Ltd we press ‘9’ before making an outside call as this connects us to an outside line instead of the call being dealt with internally. 1.5Explain the purpose of giving a positive image of self and own organisation with both incoming and outgoing calls. This call may very well be the first contact your company is making with the other company/customer and because it is over the phone there is no face to face meeting and so the person can’t judge you on your image or facial expressions so relaying a positive attitude is essential. It makes the call pleasant and productive, and will leave a good impression of both yourself (as the representative) and of the company you’re calling from. Being rude, abusive, un-helpful or just generally sound un-interested it creates a negative image against yourself and th e company. Whenever you make a call you are your companies representative so it is always important to be as polite and as helpful as possible as this may in turn create more custom for your business. 1.6Explain the purpose of summarising the outcomes of a telephone conversation before ending the call. Summarising is important so both parties involved are sure of the information that has been exchanged, it also ensures all questions are answered fully. For example during a long conversation about several different products your company produces you say â€Å" £5 per unit† but the caller thinks you said â€Å"5 units per  £Ã¢â‚¬  so summarising will prevent misunderstanding and incorrect information being relayed in a different company. Also if the conversation was long some finer details may have been missed simply due to the large amount of information discussed. Some companies have a policy were a courtesy email is sent to the caller in which all the information from the call has been summarised and additional information can be added. 1.7Describe how to identify problems and who to refer them to. When a call comes into the office always take a name (full if possible and preferably) and the company they are calling from, try and obtain from the caller either what the problem is exactly or from which department the problem arisen from and if they know who within the department they spoke to. Pass message along to department or relevant staff and see what information can be found to resolve the problem. If this is not possible try and locate a member of staff who can help from the information obtained from the caller e.g. company was expecting a cheque in the post over a week ago, locate staff or department that the cheque would have been sent from (most likely accounts department or a project manager/finance manger) if cheque was prepared for posting contact mail room for reference on mail log and when it was sent, if sent possibly cancel cheque as it may have been lost in the post and re-send new cheque. At all times keeping the other company informed on what happened and give them an estimated time of arrival for new cheque. 1.8Describe organisation structures and communication channels within an organisation. †¢Pyramid- staff have a role, shared decision making, specialisation is possible (traditional view of organisation). †¢Entrepreneurial- decisions made centrally (pressure on decision makers) †¢Matrix- staff with specific skills join project teams, individuals have responsibility. †¢Independent- seen in professions where organisations provide support systems and little else. (not suited to most businesses due to lack of control) †¢Channels of communication- communication in organisations follow paths or channels. Communication between managers and subordinates is known as vertical communication this is because the information flows up or down the hierarchy. Channels between departments or functions involve lateral communication. As well as formal channels of communication, information also passes through an organisation informally. Communication is not complete until feedback has been received. (VERTICAL, LATERAL COMMUNICATION) 1.9 Describe how to follow organisational procedures when making a telephone call. Always introduce yourself including name and company you are calling from, if prior know request to talk to the member of staff/department you are calling for. If not explain why you are calling and request help on locating staff that can help. When connected have questions ready or know exactly what information is required. At end summarise call and recap information to check accuracy. 1.10Explain how to report telephone system faults. Being as exact as possible will help the fault be resolved as fast as possible. †¢When did the problem start? †¢How frequent is it happening? †¢What conditions are occurring? †¢Can you restart or reset the equipment? Inform a member of staff of the fault and try contacting service provider for assistance. 2-Understand how to receive and transfer telephone calls. 2.1 Describe how to identify callers and their needs. Sequence Approach Helpful Phrases Phase 1- Clarification of callers needs Identify callers needsStart with open ended question. Active listening Don’t interruptâ€Å"How can I help you?† â€Å"What would you like to know from us?† Clarification of actual situation/facts Ask pertinent questions â€Å"In order to answer your question to the point, I need information about† Sum up request/concernCommunicate that users concerns are taken seriously- there is no such thing as a silly question. â€Å"Did I understand correctly that you would like to know/that you need † â€Å"It makes sense (is understandable) that you want to know this† â€Å"of course it is important for you to understand this† Phase 2- Meeting callers information needs Find out what user knows already What information was previously given? Respect for callers attitude without adopting it.â€Å"To avoid giving you information you may know already: what information about this have you already got?† I understand how you asses this situation† â€Å" Lets’ see what information we have about this† Transition to providing information Initiate giving the information Assess caller’s intake capacity in this specific situation and how information should be tailored to their needs.â€Å"Would you like me to tell you the information we’ve got about this question?† EXAMPLES â€Å"Would you like me to give you an overview at first?† â€Å"Would you like me to get some background information at first?† â€Å"Should I explain first the back ground story?† Providing information Align information to callers questions/concerns Provide small manageable information packages. Encourage caller to ask questions Check back to make sure caller has understood. Offer additional support services. Explain pauses that are caused by searching for information. Pause to allow for more questionsâ€Å"If you have questions in between/don’t understand something at any time please say† Clarification Revise incorrect/not applicable cautiously Clarify own role Build a bridge to other staffâ€Å"I noticed that† â€Å"I would like to point out† â€Å"It may be helpful to discuss this information with other colleagues† Phrase 3- Summing up and closure Conformation Ask if callers needs were met If needs obviously were not met address this fact â€Å"Did I answer your question with the information I gave you?† â€Å"Was this helpful?† â€Å"Is the information you were looking for?† â€Å"Have we discussed everything that you needed to know?† â€Å"Unfortunately we weren’t able to answer your question(s) the way you had expected it. The reason is (explain)† â€Å"But maybe our conversation could show you away† Closure of call Offer to call again â€Å"If you have more questions at a later time/need more information/clarification, feel free to call again anytime† 2.2 Explain the purpose of giving accurate and up-to-date information to callers. Giving in accurate information to callers means when someone calls a company they have done so with the anticipation of getting their question/query promptly and professionally. Having up to date information available in a clear and concise manner will confirm in the callers mind they made a good buying decision or are about to. For example, if a customer called into the office for a price on a liner and I gave them a price based on last years/incorrect prices when they received/picked up the liner and were asked to pay more that I had previously said they would have a poor impression of the company and may not be able to afford or have budgeted for the new higher price for the liner. 2.3 Explain the purpose of confidentiality and security when dealing with callers. From a callers point of view they want their personal details kept secure and confidential by showing this when dealing with a caller you are showing them that you can be trusted with their personal information. For your point of view, you need to keep callers personal information private and respect their privacy, or you could be liable for prosecution under the data protection act. 2.4 Describe the types of information that could affect confidentiality and security and how to handle these. If any confidential or information to do with security is given out, then it is causing a threat to others. Types of information that could affect confidentiality and security are peoples personal details, PIN numbers, National Insurance Numbers and account numbers. These can all be kept confidential by not telling anyone them. The Data Protection Act was setup to prevent confidential and security information from being given out and it is breaking the law if you do. All these sorts of information should be handled by a maximum of 2 people and seen by no one else. This way no information will be revealed. 2.5 Describe the ways of identifying the appropriate person to whom a call is transferred. After answering the call following company procedure, ask the caller if they know the name of the person they wish to speak to, if they don’t ask regarding which department. Again if the caller doesn’t know find out briefly what the call is in reference to (briefly due to the topic the caller may wish to discuss can be of a private matter). Using this information can make it easier to select the right person/department. For example: †¢*Ring, Ring Ring, Ring* †¢Me: UK Waterproofing †¢Caller: Hello my names Jane Doe, I spoke to a representative from your company yesterday and would like to speak to him again if possible? †¢Me: Of course, who are you looking for? †¢Caller: I’m sorry I don’t know his name †¢Me: That’s fine, do you know what department he was from? †¢Caller: Again I’m sorry, I made note of his name but I’ve lost the piece of paper I wrote it on. †¢Me: Not to worry, can I ask what the call was in reference to as this may help us locate the person you’re after. †¢Caller: Yes sure, I was looking into making a pond in my garden and the gentleman was providing information on how to measure my pond for a liner, I’m calling back with my measurements hoping to get a price. †¢Me: Okay, by the sounds of it you’ll be looking for the estimates department, if you don’t mind being put on hold for a few moments I’ll call up and see if we can locate the gentleman you spoke to yesterday. †¢Caller: That’s fine, thank you. †¢*Place caller on hold* 2.6 Describe the information to be given when transferring calls and leaving messages. After answering the phone following company procedure (taking callers name, company they are from, what the call is regarding) To caller: Explain that they will be put on hold while you try and locate (if person unknown) or contact the person they are after or another member of staff who is more appropriate to deal with their request. To new recipient of the call: Who is on the line, where they are from (company), why you are transferring the call to them and what details have already been given to the caller. This saves time and prevents the caller being given the same information again. On return to the caller: Who they are being transferred to and why they will be more useful and helpful to deal with their request. When leaving a message for someone out of office or via a phone message: Who the caller was, full name, where they are calling from i.e. company. What time they rang, the details of the call and any specific details or requests the caller wanted the intended receiver to know. For example: †¢*Ring, ring ring, ring* (8:45am) †¢Me: UK Waterproofing †¢Caller: Hello, I’m looking to speak with Dave Moss please. †¢Me: Unfortunately Mr Moss is not in the office at the moment, would you like me to pass a message along to him? †¢Caller: Yes please, my names Jane Doe I’m from Example Building in Nottingham, Mr Moss contacted me earlier this week looking for a price on a two storey extension on the Hampshire site, reference JO213. Can you let him know we need to send a couple of men to the site to do some final measurements but we can’t get access without written consent from Mr Moss to the site manager to allow our men to be at the site for a few hours. It’s a health and safety procedure that we need to complete before our men can go out. †¢Me: That’s fine so, Jane Doe of Example Building Notts, called back regarding Hampshire site quote, needs written consent sending to site manager to allow for measurements to be taken. Health and Safety requirement. Can I take a contact number? †¢Caller: Sure, 07895324870 that’s my work mobile, I’m out of the office from 10:00am till around 3:00pm so could he call either before or after as there are a couple of other things I need to discuss with him. †¢Me: Okay, out of office from 10:00am-3:00pm I’ll be sure to pass the message along. †¢Caller: Thank you. Call to Mr Moss. Message left on answer machine. â€Å"Good morning Dave, Jane Doe from Example Building in Nottingham rang for you this morning at 8:45am, call was regarding a quote on ref: JO213 Hampshire site, she needs written consent sending to site manager to allow for some men to take measurements, it’s a company health and safety requirement. Can you call her on 07895324870, she is out of office 10:00am till 3:00pm and asked for you to call outside of these times, wishes to discuss more with you as well. Thanks† 2.7 Describe how to identify problems and who to refer them to. Transferred call- connection with customer may have been lost during transfer, contact previous person who transferred call to you and see if they have a number or company name so you can call caller back. (Calling a customer back shows you are keen to help that person and will try your best to provide good customer service by taking the time and effort to try and re-connect with the caller). Log problem as a technical fault, if disconnecting issue continues check phones for system fault and report to a senior member of staff or technical support staff. Transferred to wrong person- This may have happened due to a system fault or a technical fault with a phone involved in the transfer, other possibility is the original person to transfer was new and so may have made a mistake. Explain to the person that unfortunately they have been transferred to the wrong person, it may not necessarily be the incorrect department just wrong person. Apologise to customer, explain the problem, if you can help continue to assist the customer if not swiftly transfer call to correct person but keep caller informed at all times as to what is happening. Log fault making note of when it happened and the phones involved, if problem persists inform senior member of staff.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Effect of Wi-fi Radiations on Sperms in Vitro

Effect of Wi-fi Radiations on Sperms in Vitro SPERM DNA FRAGMENTATION AND ROS. Omkar Pokharkar, Himanshu Patel, Vidisha Bhatt . ABSTRACT: All around the globe, studies are conducted to determine the effect of Wi-Fi on the quality of sperms both in vivo and in vitro. To determine the level of damage to the sperms in vitro, sperm chromatin dispersion test along with semen analysis was performed to map the motility, vitality, morphology and also the fragmentation in the sperms which are exposed and which are not exposed to radiations emitted by Wi-Fi. It was found after exposing sperm samples to Wi-Fi for long durations in a closed cabin placing sperm samples near Wi-Fi router can affect sperm quality to a great extent, reducing motility of sperms and causing DNA fragmentations in sperms. And unexposed samples were in better condition both in terms of motility and fragmentation. This study proved the ill effects of using Wi-Fi on laptops and mobiles on sperms in vitro. Keywords: Sperms, in vitro, fragmentation, DNA, motility, vitality, Wi-Fi radiations, ROS. INTRODUCTION: Wi-Fi radiations from laptops and mobiles can impair or damage sperms. Motility of the sperms are said to be reduced due to prolong exposure of sperms to radiations emitted by Wi-Fi (Wireless fidelity). This study was carried out to verify that radiations affect sperm motility and damages the DNA causing fragmentation. This experiment is to note the motility, vitality and levels of DNA damage after exposing sperm samples to Wi-Fi for certain period of time. DNA fragmentation is a way to accurately map the sperms with fragmented and non fragmented DNA. Sperms with fragmented DNA disperse no halos and sperms with non fragmented DNA disperse big halos and degrading sperms show small halos. If the radiation from Wi-Fi affects motility, vitality and DNA of spermatozoa it would be revealed after performing standard semen analysis according to the criteria set by WHO[1] and Sperm chromatin dispersion test (SCD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this type of study semen samples from 12 fertile men with no recent history of illness aged 22-29 were obtained in wide mouthed collecting jars during the period of sexual abstinence of 3 days. Each of the 12 Sperm samples were washed by swim up method which has high rate of success in obtaining viable sperms, for removal of debris and dead or immotile sperms and only motile sperms were used. This was to make sure that before exposing the samples to Wi-Fi there were all live sperms with good motility and no pre dead or immotile sperms were present to map accurate changes due to radiations. All 12 samples were subjected to semen analysis as per the criteria of world health organization. Motility, vitality, morphology, and ph was observed and noted down [1], this was done before exposing sperms to radiations. These results were compared to the results obtained after radiation exposure. Motility was calculated by using a formula: 100 X (number of motile spermatozoa)/ (total number o f spermatozoa counted). More than 400 spermatozoa per ejaculate were evaluated for estimation of motility. Each 12 Sperm samples were divided in 3 aliquots of 0.5 ml each and out of three aliquot, 2 aliquots were exposed to Wi-Fi radiations for different periods of time, 1st aliquot was exposed to radiation for 1 ½ hour and second aliquot was exposed for 3 hours. These 2 aliquots were labeled as test and one aliquot was considered as control sample and was kept in different room to avoid any radiations or other factors which would influence sperms. The 0.5ml aliquots of sperm samples were placed in tubes. After exposure of Wi-Fi radiations to sperms the motility, morphology, vitality and ph was observed again and results were recorded. The results from pre exposure and post exposure of sperms to radiations were compared later. The samples were exposed to radiations by keeping the samples in a closed cabin near the router of the Wi-Fi and several laptops and mobiles were kept in cl ose proximity with Wi-Fi enabled also the laptops were downloading and uploading data continuously during the time of exposure to max the radiations[2]. The samples were placed in close range of all laptops, router and mobiles; the distance between samples and Wi-Fi sources was about 1-2 inches. DNA FRAGMENTATION TEST (SCD): Then DNA fragmentation or Sperm chromatin dispersion test was carried out on all samples to check the percentage of DNA fragmentations in samples exposed for 90 minutes (1 ½ hour) and samples exposed for 180 minutes (3 hours) and these outcomes were compared with control samples (sample which was not subjected Wi-Fi or any other factor which will affect sperm). The solidified agarose gel tubes were boiled in water using the float at about 90 0C – 100 0C for 2 minutes so that the gel in the tube liquefies and then cool down the tubes at 37 0C for 5 minutes. Then 40  µ liter of semen sample from control samples was added and mixed with liquefied agarose gel tube, similarly 40  µ liter of semen sample from first test sample (Wi-Fi for 90 minutes) was obtained and was mixed with second agarose gel eppendroff. Again 40  µ liter of sample from second test sample (Wi-Fi for 180 minutes) was extracted and mixed with third agarose gel eppendroff. These 3 tubes represent the con trol and test sample suspensions respectively. Three pre coated slides were used to study and compare between 1 control sample (not exposed to Wi-Fi) and 2 test samples with varying periods of exposure to radiations. Then 150  µ liter of suspension from control tube was obtained with micropipette and placed on the coated slide and was covered with a cover slip. Similarly 150  µ liter of suspension from first test sample was obtained with micropipette and placed on second slide and was covered with cover slip. Again 150  µ liter of suspension from second test sample was obtained and placed on the third coated slide. These 3 slides were prepared simultaneously, air bubbles were avoided and the slides were transferred to a fridge to maintain the temperature around 40C–80C for 5 minutes. This step helps in solidification of gel on the slide. Then after 5 minutes, slides were obtained from fridge and the cover slips from the 3 slides were removed carefully such that gel inte grity is not affected. Then the slides were placed on even surface and was overlaid with 1 ml of acid denaturant each and was incubated at 22 0C for about 7 minutes and the solution was drained completely after 7 minutes. Then next step was to overlay 1 ml of lysis solution each on all 3 slides and was incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature. After 20 minutes the lysis solution was drained completely. Lysis solution possesses a pungent odor. Then all 3 slides were washed in slanting position with 20 ml distilled water with help of syringe or a dropper. In the next step all the 3 slides were sequentially dehydrated using dehydrating solution 1, 2, and 3 provided in the kit. Then the slides were allowed to air dry for few minutes. In this time period working stain was prepared using stain solution and stain dilution buffer. Working Stain was prepared by taking 400  µ liter of stain solution and mixing it with 100  µ liter of stain dilution buffer in a dilution tube. So for 3 slides the stain was prepared 3 times. This working stain must be used within 1 hour of preparation. After air drying all 3 slides, 200 -300  µ liter of working stain was overlaid each on all 3 slides representing control and test slides respectively. Then the slides were rocked by tilting in to and fro directions for 3 minutes to maintain even distribution of stain over the slide. After 3 minutes the slides were washed by dipping and moving in a couplin jar or a beaker filled with tap water. Then the slides were kept in slanting position to air dry. This marks the end to the procedure for making sperm DNA fragmentation slides of both control and test samples. Sperm DNA fragmentation was calculated by formula: 100 X (Number of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA)/ (Total number of spermatozoa counted) [3]. More than 500 spermatozoa per ejaculate were evaluated for estimation of sperm DNA fragmentation [3]. This study took around 25 days for completion (6th January – 31st Januar y, 2015). RESULTS: Normal Semen analysis of 12 samples before exposing it to Wi-Fi radiations showed motility percentage around (72  ± 4.18) and after exposure to radiations for 90 minutes the motility rate decreased to about (65  ± 3.2) and the samples exposed to 180 minutes showed further decrease in motility percent which ranged (56  ± 2.89). Similarly vitality percentage of all 33 sperm samples before exposure was about (71  ± 4.07) and after exposure for 90 minutes it shifted to (61  ± 5.78). And also samples exposed for 180 minutes indicated a decrease in vitality ranging from (48  ± 7.98). Morphology defects due to radiations were prominent when compared to the samples not exposed to Wi-Fi. Defective mid piece and several head defects were significant in test samples. On the other hand ph was not affected by radiations and was in the range of 7.2 -8.0 for both test and control samples before and after exposure. Table I. showing differences in sperm motility as the time duration of radiation exposure increased: I. A chart showing motility percentages Table II. Showing differences in sperm vitality as the time duration of radiation exposure increases: II. A chart showing vitality percentages. The principle of DNA fragmentation test lies in dispersion of a characteristic halos, which indicates the status of the spermatozoa. If a big halo is dispersed then the DNA of the sperm is not fragmented. On the other hand when small halo is dispersed by a sperm then it is on the verge of fragmentation/degradation and also when no halo is dispersed by sperm then it is a sign of fragmented DNA or the entire sperm is degraded [4]. DNA fragmentation test also known as sperm chromatin dispersion test was carried out for all 12 samples and the slides were observed under bright field microscope, it was revealed that the samples exposed to Wi-Fi radiations showed high percentages of DNA fragmentation. Whereas Sperm samples unexposed to Wi-Fi radiations showed fewer fragmentations. Fragmentation percentages of unexposed samples were in the range of (10  ± 5.11).Test samples exposed to Wi-Fi radiations for 90 minutes revealed (23  ± 6.1) of DNA fragmentations. On the other hand, samples e xposed to Wi-Fi radiations for 180 minutes showed (34  ± 7.04) of DNA fragmentation. Table III. Showing levels of DNA fragmentations caused due to Wi-Fi radiations: III. A chart showing percentage of DNA fragmentation in sperms. CONCLUSION: From the study conducted above it was discovered that Wi-Fi radiations had detrimental effects on sperm motility, vitality and morphology. Semen analysis of 12 samples proved that sperm motility was greatly reduced as the time of exposure to Wi-Fi radiations was increased. Morphological defects in head and mid piece were noticeable after comparing exposed and unexposed samples using bright field microscope and staining the slides with Giemsa stain. Analysis and calculations of DNA fragmentation caused by radiations revealed that the percentage of fragmentation also increased with increase in time of exposure to Wi-Fi. So from the findings mentioned above it was clear that Wi-Fi radiations from laptops and mobiles could cause damaging effects to sperms and could degrade their ability to stay motile and fertilize the egg. DISCUSSION: There is a rapid progress in fields such as electronics and telecommunication, computers etc making mankind smart and advance. First programmable computer was made by Charles Babbage in 1830’s. And later giant computer named â€Å"ENIAC† was built by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania. Now in 21st century with advancement in technology, a new era of computers and laptops have emerged which are much smaller in size and are portable with wireless fidelity also known as Wi-Fi .It was long known that Wi-Fi radiations had the potential to impair sperm’s ability to function properly and could reduce the fertility of men habituated to use laptop and mobile Wi-Fi for long periods of time and almost every day. This experiment was a recreation of the situation in which sperms get exposed to radiations when an individual works on his laptop or mobile with Wi-Fi enabled. However, this was an artificial way to map the effects of radiations on sperms in vitro. In in vivo, effects of radiations must be much different than the results obtained when performed in vitro. The layers of testes acts as protective covering which absorbs much of the radiations and shields sperms from the devastating effects of radiations but only to some extent where as in in vitro there was not enough biological protection to sperm samples and were little more susceptible to the radiations. The samples placed in tubes were exposed to radiations by keeping the sample tubes in a closed cabin near the router of the Wi-Fi and several laptops (hp, dell and Acer) and mobiles (NOKIA, Samsung) were kept in close proximity (1-2 inches) with Wi-Fi enabled (3G) and also the laptops were downloading and uploading data continuously during the time of exposure to max out the radiations [2]. Samples were not placed beneath the laptop to avoid getting a combined effect of heat and Wi-Fi radiations on sperms because the study was purely about radiations and no t heat + radiations. However, keeping samples beneath laptop with Wi-Fi would mimic a person keeping laptop on his lap. But other factors such as heat would also contribute in DNA fragmentation which was undesirable in this study. It was possible to place the samples beneath the laptop with air conditioner turned on to maintain the temperature under the laptop as equal to room temperature (25-27 0C) even if the laptop generates heat [2]. But In this study, we completely eliminated the chance or risk of other factors which would influence the results. The study was focused only on effect of radiations. The results of this study were quite intimidating. From studies conducted around the world it is scientifically proven that laptops generating heat and Wi-Fi generating radiations for longer periods of time can affect fertility of men and mobiles or cell phones will do the same.[2][5][6][7][8][9][10]. So it is advisable to minimize the time span for usage of Wi-Fi and the connection mu st be disabled/turned off when not in use avoiding radiations and also laptops must be kept on working desks or tables during the use, avoiding the excess heat emitted by laptops which comes in close contact with testes or pelvis area. AKNOWLEDGEMENT: This material is based on the work supported by the Stem cure private ltd, centre for reproductive medicine and stem cell development, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; authors want to say thanks to, Mrunmayee Pande and Ramesh Parmar for assistance, Madhuri Patel for helpful input, Sejal Patel for technical support. Words are inadequate in offering thanks to the entire team of stem cure for encouragement and co-operation in carrying out the research and allowing the use of lab facilities. Authors would also like to thank D.Y. Patil University, school of biotechnology and bioinformatics, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, India. REFERENCES: [1] WHO. (1999). Laboratory manual for examination of human semen and spermcervical mucus interactions (4 ed.). Cambridge, East Anglia, United kingdom: Canmbridge university press. [3] Akira Komiya, T. K. (2014, august 4). Clinical Factors Associated with Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Patients with Infertility. (A. E. Calogero, Ed.) The scientific world journal, 2014, 11.